Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an uncommon and aggressive cancer originating from the epithelial cells of either the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts, and it can also arise from hepatic progenitor cells. The global incidence of cholangiocarcinoma varies significantly, with the highest rates reported in regions like Northern Thailand (113 per 100,000) and lower rates in countries such as the UK (2.2/100,000), the USA (1.1/100,000), and Israel (0.3/100,000). The incidence of CCA generally increases in both males and females around the age of 60 to 70 years, rarely being diagnosed before the age of 40, with a higher occurrence and mortality in men compared to women. Patients with CCA may present with symptoms such as jaundice, pruritus, acholic stool, and steatorrhea, which depend on the tumor's location and stage at the time of diagnosis. Additionally, abdominal pain and weight loss can be common presenting symptoms. In some cases, CCA is incidentally discovered during cross-sectional imaging for abdominal concerns or as part of hepatoma screening in individuals with underlying cirrhosis. Screening programs are in place to detect gallbladder or biliary issues.