GASTROENTEROLOGY

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Published online: 28 January 2021; doi:10.1038/s41575-021-00417-5A new study elevates our understanding of how the immune system regulates the pathogenesis of biliary atresia through a powerful single-cell approach. Cell-specific transcriptome analyses indicate key roles for macrophages, T cells and B cells in hepatobiliary injury of affected infants.

Immune System Regulation in Biliary Atresia: Insights from Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis

DENTISTRY

Four-gene blood signature shows promise for accurate early diagnosis of MRONJ and immune pathway insights.

Four-Gene Blood Biomarker Panel Identified for Early MRONJ Detection

A new integrative bioinformatics study has identified a four-gene blood-based signature (HSP90AB1, RHOA, CXCL8, and IL1B) with high diagnostic accuracy (AUC 0.864–0.936) for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Analysis of PBMC samples revealed immune dysregulation and suppression of inflammatory pathways, providing novel insights into MRONJ pathogenesis and potential biomarkers for early diagnosis.

Planetary health principles can help Otolaryngologists deliver sustainable, high-quality care while reducing pollution.

Planetary Health Principles Can Transform Otolaryngology Practice

A new commentary highlights how integrating planetary health principles into Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery can improve both environmental sustainability and patient care. It recommends action at the clinician, institutional, and healthcare system levels by promoting disease prevention, optimizing appropriate care, and reducing healthcare pollution through circular economy practices, helping lower the specialty’s environmental footprint.

DERMATOLOGY

Study finds VEMF therapy reduces wrinkles safely with no downtime, showing promise for non-invasive skin rejuvenation.

VEMF Therapy May Reduce Wrinkles Without Downtime

A clinical study involving 28 adults aged 30–78 found that six weekly sessions of VEMF therapy (Biodermogenesi) significantly reduced facial wrinkles without causing side effects or downtime. Using advanced 3D imaging, wrinkle assessment scales, and patient-reported Face-Q outcomes, researchers observed visible skin rejuvenation. Participants also described the treatment as comfortable, pleasant, and relaxing, highlighting its potential as a safe option for managing skin aging.

RHEUMATOLOGY

DNMT3A loss in CD4+ T cells reduced autoimmune inflammation and joint damage in a preclinical RA study.

DNMT3A Loss May Limit Rheumatoid Arthritis Inflammation

A preclinical study suggests that loss of DNMT3A function in CD4+ T cells may help limit autoimmune inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Using mouse models, researchers found that Dnmt3a-mutant T cells reduced T follicular helper (Tfh) cell responses, antibody production, inflammatory IL-6 levels, and joint inflammation. The findings indicate that while normal DNMT3A supports immune activation, its loss in these cells may protect against Tfh-driven autoimmune disease.

CARDIOLOGY

New guidance highlights the need for earlier detection and better management of heart failure during pregnancy and postpartum.

Experts Call for Improved Detection and Management of Perinatal Heart Failure

A new scientific statement highlights major gaps in the recognition and management of heart failure during pregnancy and the postpartum period, a condition that remains poorly defined despite its potentially serious consequences. Because symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling are common in normal pregnancy, heart failure is often underrecognized, leading to delays in diagnosis and worse maternal outcomes. Experts call for standardized definitions, improved screening tools, and evidence-based diagnostic criteria to enable earlier detection and treatment. The statement also emphasizes the need for greater inclusion of pregnant and postpartum individuals in heart failure research and for strategies that promote maternal health equity.

A new staging system may help predict surgical outcomes and recurrence risk in petroclival meningiomas.

New Classification System Predicts Outcomes in Petroclival Meningioma Surgery

Researchers have proposed a new four-tier classification system for petroclival and temporal bone meningiomas, rare tumors that often mimic vestibular schwannomas but can be more challenging to remove surgically. In a study of 64 patients, higher tumor tiers were significantly associated with less complete tumor removal, higher complication rates, and increased risk of residual or recurrent disease. The staging system categorizes tumors based on their anatomical extent, including involvement of the internal auditory canal, cerebellopontine angle, and major vascular structures. The findings suggest that this framework could help surgeons better predict outcomes and improve preoperative counseling and treatment planning.

NEPHROLOGY

Reduced ROMK channel activity impairs potassium secretion in Gordon syndrome, new research shows.

Reduced ROMK Activity Drives Potassium Imbalance in Gordon Syndrome

New research sheds light on the mechanisms underlying pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), or Gordon syndrome, a rare inherited disorder characterized by high blood pressure and elevated potassium levels. Investigators found that impaired potassium secretion in PHAII is primarily driven by reduced activity of renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channels, with no compensatory increase in Maxi-K (BK) channel function under normal potassium intake. Importantly, high-potassium diets were still able to stimulate BK channel-mediated potassium secretion in mutant mice, suggesting that this pathway remains intact. The findings improve understanding of electrolyte abnormalities in PHAII and may guide future therapeutic strategies targeting renal potassium handling.

GYNAECOLOGY - IVF

Switching ovarian stimulation protocols may improve follicular synchrony after canceled IVF cycles.

Changing IVF Stimulation Protocols Improves Follicular Synchrony After Canceled Cycles

A new retrospective study suggests that changing the controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) protocol after an IVF cycle is canceled due to follicular asynchrony may improve outcomes in subsequent treatment cycles. Among 95 women studied, those who switched stimulation protocols demonstrated significantly greater improvement in follicular maturation and synchrony compared with those who repeated the same regimen. After adjusting for potential confounders, protocol modification remained the only factor independently associated with better follicular synchronization. The findings support considering a change in stimulation strategy for patients experiencing IVF cycle cancellation because of asynchronous follicular development.

OPHTHALMOLOGY

Dome-shaped macula affects 15% of highly myopic eyes and increases the risk of vision-threatening complications.

Dome-Shaped Macula in High Myopia Linked to Increased Risk of Vision Loss

A large cohort study found that dome-shaped macula (DSM) occurs in approximately 15% of eyes with high myopia and is associated with poorer baseline vision and greater retinal damage. Among patients with DSM, macular neovascularization (MNV) emerged as the most common and vision-threatening complication, affecting more than one-quarter of eyes during follow-up. In contrast, serous retinal detachment (SRD) was relatively uncommon and mainly occurred in eyes with pronounced macular bulging. The findings underscore the importance of long-term monitoring in highly myopic patients with DSM to identify complications early and preserve vision.

PEDIATRICS

Current evidence does not confirm an association between CPAM and laryngotracheal abnormalities.

No Definitive Link Found Between CPAM and Upper Airway Abnormalities

A new scoping review has found insufficient evidence to establish a clear association between congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAMs) and abnormalities of the larynx or trachea. Among more than 4,500 screened studies, only six met inclusion criteria, reporting isolated cases of tracheoesophageal fistula, tracheomalacia, and tracheobronchomalacia, often as incidental findings. One prenatal ultrasound study suggested that fetuses with congenital thoracic anomalies, including CPAM, may have smaller upper airway dimensions. However, the overall evidence remains sparse and largely hypothesis-generating. Researchers call for prospective studies using standardized imaging, endoscopy, and molecular analyses to clarify the prevalence and clinical significance of potential upper airway involvement in CPAM.

UROLOGY

MRI-based diagnostics improve prostate cancer detection while reducing unnecessary biopsies in routine practice.

MRI Improves Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Reduces Unnecessary Biopsies

<p>Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, Published online: 25 June 2026; <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41391-026-01134-3">doi:10.1038/s41391-026-01134-3</a></p>A nationwide histopathology study reflecting the impact of the introduction of MRI in the diagnostic trajectory of prostate cancer in routine clinical care

Chemical eye burns are more common in children, but thermal burns are linked to more severe vision loss.

Thermal Eye Burns Cause Greater Vision Loss Despite Chemical Burns Being More Common in Children

A retrospective study of pediatric ocular burns found that chemical injuries account for nearly 71% of eye burns in children, with alkali substances being the most common cause. However, the most severe visual impairment was observed in older children and adolescents with thermal burns, particularly those caused by cigarettes. Researchers also noted that early conjunctival irrigation—a critical first-aid measure for chemical burns—was often not documented, even in cases with reduced vision. The findings highlight the importance of prevention strategies, prompt emergency management, and increased awareness of first-aid measures to reduce long-term visual complications in children with ocular burns.

ONCOLOGY

Gut microbial sulfur amino acid metabolism may enhance anti-tumor immunity and reduce colorectal tumor growth.

Gut Microbial Sulfur Metabolism Linked to Stronger Anti-Tumor Immunity in Colon Cancer

New research has identified sulfur amino acid (SAA) metabolism by the gut microbiome as a key pathway that enhances anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer. In mouse models, a high-SAA diet reduced advanced tumor formation and overall tumor burden. The protective effect was linked to an increase in Mucispirillum schaedleri, a mucus-associated bacterium whose presence in human colon tissue was inversely associated with tumor development. The findings provide new insights into how diet and the gut microbiome interact to influence colorectal cancer progression and may open avenues for microbiome-targeted therapies and strategies to improve responses to immunotherapy.

ORTHOPAEDICS

Central acetabular osteophytes may indicate hip instability and early osteoarthritis in borderline hip dysplasia.

Central Acetabular Osteophytes Linked to Hip Instability in Borderline Hip Dysplasia

A new study suggests that central acetabular osteophytes (CAOs) may serve as an important radiographic marker of hip instability in patients with borderline developmental dysplasia of the hip (BDDH). Among 157 patients undergoing hip arthroscopy, those with CAOs had significantly higher rates of microinstability, ligamentum teres (LT) tears, and increased femoral and acetabular version abnormalities compared with patients without CAOs. Logistic regression confirmed that microinstability, LT tears, and increased combined anteversion were independently associated with CAOs. The findings indicate that CAOs may identify patients at risk of early osteoarthritis and could aid in the diagnosis and management of unstable hips in BDDH.

Staged excision may provide excellent cosmetic outcomes for large facial congenital melanocytic nevi in children.

Staged Excision Successfully Treats Large Facial Congenital Melanocytic Nevi in Children

A new case report highlights the successful use of staged excision to treat a large congenital melanocytic nevus (LCMN) of the face in a child. The lesion was removed over three carefully planned procedures, allowing gradual tissue adaptation while preserving facial contours and minimizing scarring. The approach avoided the need for tissue expansion and skin grafting, reducing donor-site morbidity and preventing distortion of nearby facial landmarks. Recovery was uneventful, and the final cosmetic outcome was highly satisfactory. The report underscores the importance of individualized surgical planning and staged reconstruction when managing large facial birthmarks in pediatric patients.

A single-cell view of bil...

A single-cell view of biliary atresia