Clinical decision making of post‐treatment disease

This paper describes various aspects of clinical decision-making in general, from a descriptive and a normative point of view, but with a particular focus on the condition of the root‐filled tooth with post‐treatment disease. It reviews how attention to various uncertainties is relevant to the decision‐making process. Additionally, the study discusses the nature of value judgments and different concepts of health and disease, which are essential for understanding the complexity of the clinical decision‐making process. Finally, it provides some aspects of the sometimes cumbersome decision of whether to go for a non‐surgical or surgical method whenever a decision on retreatment has been made.