How do we and how should we deal with uncertainty in Endodontics?

In many clinical cases a dentist may feel certain when for example diagnosing, deciding on treatment, or assessing the prognosis – in other cases many dentists may feel a degree of doubt or uncertainty. This paper aims to explore the philosophical concept of uncertainty and its different dimensions, using the condition “persistent apical periodontitis associated with a previously root filled tooth” as an example. Acknowledging that uncertainty exists in any clinical situation can be perceived as uncomfortable, as some might regard it as a weakness. While some types of uncertainty met in dental practice can be addressed and reduced, there are other types which are inevitable and must be accepted...