Sleep Disorders, Comorbidities, Actions, Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction, and Medications (“Sleep C.A.L.M.”) in the evaluation and management of nocturia: A simple approach to a complex diagnosis

The article introduces a novel system for organizing the complex differential diagnosis for nocturia, as proposed by an international collective of practising urologists, physician specialists, and sleep experts: “Sleep CALM”—Sleep Disorders, Comorbidities, Actions, Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction, and Medications. The study reviewed the current evidence on the relationship between the “Sleep CALM” factor to nocturia pathogenesis, evaluation, and management. Based on the study findings, “Sleep CALM” provides a memorable and clinically relevant means to structure the initial patient history, physical exam, and clinical testing under current best‐practice guidelines for nocturia. It may also be useful in guiding individualized ancillary testing, identifying the need for speciality referral and multidisciplinary care, and uncovering first‐line treatment targets.