What are Sertoli cells? Historical, methodological, and functional aspects

Sertoli cells are somatic cells that are in close contact with germ cells in the mammalian testes. They have multiple functions and fulfill key roles in developing and properly transforming spermatogenic cells into functional spermatozoa. One of their most important properties is to release trophic factors and supply nutrients to germ cells. But they also regulate the immune system in the testis and provide an immunologically privileged environment for developing germ cells. Because they are essential for reproductive cells, their alterations can negatively affect fertility. Many environmental factors and exposures, such as high caloric diet, toxins, and pollutants, are thought to compromise Sertoli cells physiology. This review describes the discovery of Sertoli cells, summarizes their major properties and functions, and describes their dysfunctions in pathologies.