Diaphragm Neurostimulation Assisted Ventilation in Critically Ill Patients

Diaphragm neurostimulation involves using electrodes to stimulate the diaphragm muscles, providing potential benefits for mechanically ventilated patients. Initially used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, it has evolved into a long-term ventilatory support method. Recent advancements in temporary diaphragm neurostimulation devices have paved the way for a new era in patient management. By combining positive pressure ventilation with diaphragm neurostimulation, multiple organ systems can be positively affected. Benefits include preventing diaphragm atrophy, facilitating weaning from mechanical ventilation, reducing lung stress and strain, improving ventilation homogeneity, mitigating ventilator-induced lung injury, maintaining cardiac output, and potentially preventing neuroinflammation. This review explores the historical development, approaches, potential mechanisms of benefit, and future perspectives of diaphragm neurostimulation in critically ill patients.