Mechanisms of immunity in acutely decompensated cirrhosis and acute‐on‐chronic liver failure

The review explores systemic inflammation in ACLF, where organ failure and high short-term mortality (28 days) are linked to inflammatory responses. Key features include elevated white blood cell count and inflammatory mediators. The review discusses triggers like pathogen-associated molecular patterns, immune cell effectors (neutrophils, monocytes), and immune exhaustion contributing to secondary infections and organ dysfunction. New immunogenic therapeutic targets are also explored.