PULMONOLOGY

Moderate LAVVR post-CAVSD repair can worsen or improve; monitoring for up to a year is advised based on jet location.

Moderate Left Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation After CAVSD Repair Outcomes

Moderate left atrioventricular valve regurgitation (LAVVR) after atrioventricular septal defect (CAVSD) repair presents varied outcomes. Of 87 patients, 45% saw regurgitation worsen to severe, leading to reoperations and 17% mortality. However, 29% experienced improvement, and 26% maintained moderate regurgitation. The risk of worsening is linked to jet appearance around the cleft. Observing moderate LAVVR for up to a year seems prudent if centrally located.

DENTISTRY

Study evaluates ChatGPT diagnostic accuracy in oral pathology, finding limited Top-1 accuracy and no significant benefit from images.

ChatGPT Accuracy in Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

A retrospective study of 160 biopsy-confirmed cases evaluated ChatGPT (GPT-5.1) for oral and maxillofacial pathology. Top-1 diagnostic accuracy was 44.0% with text-only inputs and 43.3% with text plus images, while Top-10 accuracy reached 80.7% and 82.9%, respectively. Images did not significantly improve performance, supporting further research into educational and hypothesis-generation applications.

HIFU achieved an 88.24% response rate in a 17-patient oral leukoplakia study, with generally mild postoperative reactions.

HIFU for Oral Leukoplakia: Efficacy and Safety Findings

A study of 17 patients with oral leukoplakia found that high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) achieved an overall response rate of 88.24% at six months, with complete remission in 52.95% and partial remission in 35.29%. Postoperative pain, swelling and ulcers were generally mild and self-limiting, suggesting HIFU may be a promising treatment option warranting further investigation.

Meta-analysis links periodontitis with altered oxidative stress biomarkers in saliva and gingival fluid, highlighting variable evidence.

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Periodontitis: Meta-Analysis

A systematic review and meta-analysis of 85 studies found that periodontitis was associated with higher oxidative stress markers, including total oxidant status and malondialdehyde, and lower total antioxidant capacity in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Findings for several other biomarkers were inconsistent, with substantial study heterogeneity and publication-bias adjustments highlighting the need for cautious interpretation.

Study of 105 ICU patients found poor oral health was common but DMFT scores did not predict longer ICU stays.

Oral Health and ICU Length of Stay: Findings From Chile

A retrospective study of 105 adult ICU patients in Chile found gingival inflammation and reduced salivary function in 90.5% of patients at admission. Despite this high burden of oral disease, the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index was not significantly associated with ICU length of stay. Mechanical ventilation was the only independent predictor of prolonged hospitalization.

Review links oral lichen planus with diabetes and prediabetes, highlighting the potential value of glycaemic assessment.

Oral Lichen Planus and Diabetes: Evidence From a Scoping Review

A scoping review of 21 sources across 11 countries found a consistent association between oral lichen planus (OLP) and type 2 diabetes, with diabetes prevalence in OLP patients ranging from 9.7% to 24.5%. Prediabetes was independently associated with OLP, while Mendelian randomisation suggested a causal link between type 1 diabetes, elevated HbA1c and increased OLP risk.

PEDIATRICS

Indian study highlights school diabetes care gaps and calls for teacher training, emergency protocols and inclusive support for children.

Type 1 Diabetes in Indian Schools: Challenges and Support Needs

An Indian qualitative study of 10 mothers of children aged 3–10 years with type 1 diabetes found that inadequate school preparedness, disrupted routines and limited support increase maternal stress and raise concerns about children's safety. The findings highlight the need for teacher training, emergency protocols, inclusive school environments and coordinated school-healthcare collaboration to improve diabetes management.

GASTROENTEROLOGY

MRI meta-analysis links higher liver fat to type 2 diabetes and explores its association with intrapancreatic fat deposition.

Liver and Pancreatic Fat in Type 2 Diabetes: MRI Meta-Analysis

A meta-analysis of 17 MRI studies involving 2,142 participants found significantly higher liver fat in people with type 2 diabetes than in non-diabetic controls. Studies with higher intrapancreatic fat showed a greater excess of liver fat, although this association was not robust in sensitivity analyses and was attenuated after BMI adjustment. Individual-level studies are needed to clarify this relationship.

A review of 16 studies explores caregiver coaching in early occupational therapy and highlights gaps in implementation and outcomes.

Caregiver Coaching in Early Occupational Therapy: Scoping Review

A scoping review of 16 studies found that caregiver coaching in occupational therapy-led early intervention can support developmental care for children aged 0–6 years. Approaches included Occupational Performance Coaching, modelling, guided practice and feedback, delivered in person, via telehealth and in community settings. Researchers highlight inconsistent implementation and limited caregiver-focused outcomes, calling for clearer frameworks and greater emphasis on children's participation in everyday activities.

A clinical trial finds aerobic exercise improves functional capacity in compensated cirrhosis, with no major adverse events reported.

Aerobic Exercise in Cirrhosis: Benefits and Safety

A randomized controlled trial involving 50 patients with compensated cirrhosis found that 16 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise plus nutritional consultation improved six-minute walk distance by 32 metres compared with nutritional consultation alone. Exercise was well tolerated, with no major adverse events. However, most autonomic and hemodynamic outcomes showed no significant between-group differences, warranting cautious interpretation.

GYNAECOLOGY - IVF

Higher early-pregnancy AIP was linked to increased gestational diabetes risk, potentially improving prediction alongside maternal risk factors.

Atherogenic Index of Plasma for Early Gestational Diabetes Prediction

A prospective cohort study of 2,068 pregnant women found that higher atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) levels at 11–20 weeks of gestation were associated with increased gestational diabetes risk. Women in the highest AIP quartile had 2.56 times the adjusted odds of GDM compared with those in the lowest quartile. Combining AIP with maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI and LDL-C improved predictive performance.

Study compares biomarkers, uterine artery Doppler and placental lesions in early- and late-onset preeclampsia.

Early- vs Late-Onset Preeclampsia: Biomarkers and Placental Findings

A prospective study of 300 women with preeclampsia found distinct placental and biomarker profiles in early- and late-onset disease. Early-onset preeclampsia was associated with higher uterine artery pulsatility index, elevated sFlt-1 and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio, and more severe placental lesions. Late-onset cases showed milder biochemical and Doppler changes, with findings suggesting a greater role for placental ageing.

Review highlights burnout, psychological distress and the need for structured support for obstetricians after adverse events.

Burnout and the Second Victim Phenomenon in Obstetrics

Obstetricians face substantial psychological stress from emergencies, adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes, litigation, and workplace violence. A narrative review reports burnout rates of 40%–75% among obstetricians and gynaecologists, with nearly 45% experiencing the second victim phenomenon during their careers. Peer support, debriefing, and organizational wellness initiatives may help protect clinician well-being and maternity care quality, although stronger intervention evidence is needed.

Study evaluates CA-125 and inflammatory indices for diagnosing ovarian endometriomas and assessing endometriosis severity.

CA-125 and Inflammatory Markers in Ovarian Endometriosis

A retrospective study of 645 patients found higher CA-125 levels and selected inflammatory indices in women with ovarian endometriomas than in those with benign ovarian teratomas. CA-125 showed better diagnostic performance than the PLR × CA-125 index, while elevated CA-125 and bilateral endometriomas were independently associated with stage IV disease. These findings may support preoperative assessment, but require further validation.

Study compares oral and injectable GnRH antagonists for LH surge prevention and IVF outcomes in donor stimulation cycles.

Oral vs Injectable GnRH Antagonists in Donor IVF Cycles

A retrospective study of 173 donor IVF cycles compared oral GnRH antagonists, relugolix and elagolix, with injectable cetrorelix. Although observed rates of premature LH surge or luteinization were low and similar, oral antagonist groups had lower mature oocyte yields, required higher gonadotropin doses and longer stimulation, and produced fewer usable blastocysts. The findings are exploratory and require confirmation in adequately powered prospective trials.

Scoping review identifies primary care responsibilities and barriers in caring for children with heart disease.

Primary Care for Children With Heart Disease: A Scoping Review

A scoping review of 20 studies examined primary care physicians’ roles in caring for children with heart disease. Key responsibilities included coordinating care, ensuring access to services, and supporting preventive and holistic health. Barriers included limited clinical confidence, time and financial constraints, unclear responsibilities, and poor communication among healthcare providers. The findings highlight the need for targeted education and stronger health-system support.

Moderate Left Atrioventri...

Moderate Left Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation Post-Atrioventricular Septal Defect Repair