GASTROENTEROLOGY

Explore the clinical outcomes of potential coeliac disease (PCD), including progression to villous atrophy, serology normalization, and the benefits of a gluten-free diet.

Clinical Outcomes in Potential Coeliac Disease: Progression, Serology, and Response to Gluten-Free Diet

The systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated clinical outcomes in patients with potential coeliac disease (PCD), characterized by positive serology and genetic markers without duodenal damage. Among 1010 patients, 33% developed villous atrophy, while another 33% had serology normalization on a gluten-containing diet. Notably, 88% of those on a gluten-free diet (GFD) reported symptom improvement, underscoring the need for individualized follow-up and management in PCD.

PSYCHIATRY

Atomoxetine and methylphenidate both reduced emotional dysregulation in children with ADHD, with amygdala connectivity involved.

Atomoxetine and Methylphenidate Improve Emotional Dysregulation

A randomized study of 152 children with ADHD found that both atomoxetine and methylphenidate significantly reduced emotional lability, with no significant difference between treatments. Improvements persisted after accounting for ADHD symptom changes, suggesting an independent effect on emotional dysregulation. Increased connectivity involving amygdala regions was also linked to treatment-related

DENTISTRY

Review compares 14 rat models for TMJ osteoarthritis and identifies methods that effectively induce cartilage and bone damage.

TMJ Osteoarthritis Rat Models: Review of 57 Preclinical Studies

A scoping review of 57 studies evaluated 14 techniques for modeling temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in Sprague-Dawley rats. MIA injection and several mechanical-loading approaches were effective in inducing both condylar cartilage damage and subchondral bone loss. However, most studies had a high risk of bias, highlighting the need for better-designed preclinical models.

Review identifies patient, professional and system barriers contributing to delays in oral cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Barriers to Oral Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Delays: Review

A systematic review of 16 studies found that delays in oral cancer care arise from interconnected patient, professional, and healthcare-system factors. Psychosocial and symptom-appraisal barriers were prominent during the patient interval, while professional and organizational barriers contributed to diagnostic and treatment delays. LMIC studies also highlighted health literacy and structural challenges.

ONCOLOGY

Proteomic analysis identifies biomarkers linked to oral leukoplakia progression and risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Protein Biomarkers Predict Oral Leukoplakia Cancer Risk

A proteomic study identified protein biomarkers associated with the transformation of oral leukoplakia into oral squamous cell carcinoma. Changes in extracellular matrix remodeling, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, and immune pathways were linked to malignant progression. Kininogen-1, ApoE, perlecan and EEF1D were among the biomarkers validated by immunohistochemistry.

Fractal dimension analysis of panoramic radiographs may help assess periodontal disease severity and trabecular bone changes.

Fractal Dimension May Help Assess Periodontal Disease Severity

A retrospective study of 147 geriatric patients found that fractal dimension values on digital panoramic radiographs varied significantly with periodontal status. Healthy and gingivitis groups showed the highest values, while FD progressively decreased with increasing periodontitis severity. The findings suggest fractal analysis may complement clinical assessment of trabecular bone changes in older adults.

Systematic review finds inconsistent evidence of taste dysfunction in burning mouth syndrome, highlighting the need for standardised testing.

Taste Function in Burning Mouth Syndrome: Systematic Review

A systematic review of seven studies found no consistent evidence of gustatory dysfunction in adults with burning mouth syndrome. Electrogustometry suggested reduced taste sensitivity in some patients, while chemogustometric results varied considerably. Salivary and peripheral taste structures were largely preserved, highlighting the need for standardized methods to clarify the clinical relevance of taste changes.

Review finds exercise, physical and speech therapy may improve trismus after oral cancer treatment, but evidence remains limited.

Rehabilitation Interventions for Trismus in Oral Cancer Patients

A systematic review of 15 studies found that exercise training, physical therapy, and speech training may improve trismus in oral cancer patients. Most rehabilitation programs began 2–3 weeks after surgery, with interventions often used in combination. Physical therapy may also reduce pain, while remote reminders could improve adherence, although stronger trials are needed to determine the best approach.

Study suggests psoriasis may influence periodontal inflammation through TNF-α, IL-17A and YKL-40 inflammatory pathways.

Psoriasis and Periodontitis: Links Between Inflammation and Biomarkers

A study of 60 participants found stronger inflammatory responses in patients with both psoriasis and periodontitis. Serum TNF-α and IL-17A were highest in the combined group, while YKL-40 and TNF-α were linked to periodontal disease severity. The findings suggest psoriasis may influence periodontal inflammation and support further investigation of shared inflammatory pathways.

NEUROLOGY

MRI reveals distinct brain structural changes associated with Alzheimer’s and TDP-43 pathology in older adults.

Brain Changes Linked to Alzheimer’s and TDP-43 Pathology

An ex-vivo MRI study of 912 older adults identified distinct brain structural patterns associated with Alzheimer’s disease neuropathologic change (ADNC) and limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATENC). Both pathologies were linked to medial temporal tissue loss, while combined disease showed broader temporal, frontal and parietal changes. LATENC was also associated with greater hippocampal shrinkage.

CARDIOLOGY

Higher insulin and insulin resistance may predict early diastolic dysfunction and long-term cardiovascular mortality.

Hyperinsulinemia Linked to Diastolic Dysfunction Before Diabetes

A community-based study of 1,191 adults found that higher fasting insulin and insulin resistance independently predicted progression of diastolic dysfunction over four years. Each 1-SD increase in insulin was associated with 65% higher odds of progression. Elevated insulin also predicted long-term all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, suggesting a potential early window for HFpEF prevention.

PEDIATRICS

A new approach to dyslexia emphasizes core academic difficulties and effective prevention and intervention.

Rethinking Dyslexia: Focus on Academic Skills and Intervention

A new perspective challenges traditional approaches to defining dyslexia, including cognitive-process, IQ-based, and discrepancy-based models. Building on a recent Delphi consensus study, the authors propose focusing on core academic skill difficulties to identify dyslexia and prioritize effective prevention and intervention for children at risk or experiencing learning difficulties.

Vascularized flaps accelerate skull base healing after endoscopic cancer surgery, while radiotherapy delays healing.

Vascularized Flaps Improve Skull Base Healing After Cancer Surgery

A multicenter study of 173 patients undergoing endoscopic surgery and anterior skull base reconstruction for sinonasal malignancies found that healing is prolonged, reaching 69.9% at 12 months and 94.4% at 24 months. Local vascularized flaps accelerated healing compared with grafts, while adjuvant radiotherapy delayed healing and caused greater reconstruction remodeling.

New fetal brain nomograms establish first-trimester reference ranges for diencephalon and falx cerebri measurements.

First-Trimester Fetal Brain Measurements: New Reference Ranges

A prospective study of 676 fetuses established reference ranges for diencephalon diameter, falx cerebri length, and the diencephalon/falx (D/F) ratio between 11+6 and 13+6 weeks of gestation. Measurements showed predictable relationships with crown–rump length, supporting their use as adjunctive markers in comprehensive first-trimester fetal neurosonography.

A review examines CIMDL diagnosis, its overlap with GPA, levamisole-associated vasculitis, and modern disease classification.

Cocaine-Induced Midline Destructive Lesions: Diagnosis and Evolution

A narrative review traces the evolution of cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions (CIMDL), from cocaine’s early medical use to its recognition as a distinct sinonasal disorder. CIMDL can mimic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, while levamisole contamination complicates diagnosis. Accurate assessment requires exposure history alongside histology, imaging, toxicology, and extent-based staging.

ΔGLS combined with regadenoson stress echo may improve detection of severe CAD in patients without resting RWMA.

2D Speckle Tracking and Stress Echo Improve CAD Detection

A study of 128 patients found that combining regadenoson stress echocardiography with 2D speckle-tracking improved detection of significant coronary artery disease despite no resting wall-motion abnormalities. The change in global longitudinal strain (ΔGLS) showed the strongest diagnostic performance (AUC 0.928), highlighting its potential as a non-exercise screening approach.

Understanding Clinical Ou...

Understanding Clinical Outcomes and Management in Potential Coeliac Disease